Most turquoise as it comes out of the ground is too porous and too chalky to cut, polish or wear. Stabilisation forces clear epoxy or acrylic into the pore structure under pressure, which hardens the stone, deepens and fixes the colour, and stops it discolouring against skin. The great majority of turquoise in commercial jewellery has been through this, and reputable dealers say so.
It is worth understanding what stabilisation is not. It does not add colour — that would be dyeing, which is a separate and much less acceptable treatment often applied at the same time. And it does not create material: the stone is genuine turquoise throughout, unlike reconstituted block, which is powder in resin.
Detecting it without a laboratory is genuinely hard, which is the honest position. A stabilised stone often sounds slightly duller and more plastic when tapped against a tooth or a hard surface, may give a faint polymer note under a briefly heated pin, and tends to a more even, saturated colour than untreated material of the same grade. None of these is conclusive. What is reasonable is to assume stabilisation as the default and to expect a seller claiming untreated natural stone to justify the claim and the price.